Describe the properties of alkenes in terms of addition reactions with: (a) bromine or aqueous bromine (b) hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst (c) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst and draw the structural or displayed formulae of th
Describe how changing the conditions can change the direction of a reversible reaction for: (a) the effect of heat on hydrated compounds (b) the addition of water to anhydrous compounds limited to copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride
Chemical Reactions – Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
State that some of these substances are potentially harmful, including: (a) some metal compounds are toxic (b) some plastics harm aquatic life (c) sewage contains harmful microbes which cause disease (d) nitrates and phosphates lead to deoxygenation
Describe the use of a flame test to identify the cations: (a) lithium, $mathrm{Li}^{+}$ (b) sodium, $mathrm{Na}^{+}$ (c) potassium, $mathrm{K}^{+}$ (d) calcium, $mathrm{Ca}^{2+}$ (e) barium, $mathrm{Ba}^{2+}$ (f) copper(II), $mathrm{Cu}^{2+}$
Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis – Identification of Ions and Gases
State the source of each of these air pollutants, limited to: (a) carbon dioxide from the complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels (b) carbon monoxide and particulates from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels (c) methane from t
Chemistry of the Environment – Air Quality & Climate
Predict and explain, for a reversible reaction, how the position of equilibrium is affected by: (a) changing temperature (b) changing pressure (c) changing concentration (d) using a catalyst using information provided
Chemical Reactions – Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium ⚗️
State and explain strategies to reduce the effects of these environmental issues, limited to: (a) climate change: planting trees, reduction in livestock farming, decreasing use of fossil fuels, increasing use of hydrogen and renewable energy, e.g. wi
Describe the manufacture of ethanol by: (a) fermentation of aqueous glucose at $25-35^{circ} mathrm{C}$ in the presence of yeast and in the absence of oxygen (b) catalytic addition of steam to ethene at $300^{circ} mathrm{C}$ and $6000 mathrm{kPa} /
Describe how to compare hydrogen ion concentration, neutrality, relative acidity and relative alkalinity in terms of colour and $mathrm{pH}$ using universal indicator paper
Acids, Bases and Salts – The Characteristic Properties of Acids and Bases
Name the uses of the fractions as: (a) refinery gas fraction for gas used in heating and cooking (b) gasoline/petrol fraction for fuel used in cars (c) naphtha fraction as a chemical feedstock (d) kerosene/paraffin fraction for jet fuel (e) diesel oi
Calculate stoichiometric reacting masses, limiting reactants, volumes of gases at r.t.p., volumes of solutions and concentrations of solutions expressed in $mathrm{g} / mathrm{dm}^3$ and $mathrm{mol} / mathrm{dm}^3$, including conversion between $mat
Stoichiometry – The Mole and the Avogadro Constant
Describe the formation of covalent bonds in simple molecules, including $mathrm{H}_2, mathrm{Cl}_2, mathrm{H}_2 mathrm{O}, mathrm{CH}_4, mathrm{NH}_3, mathrm{HCl}, mathrm{CH}_3 mathrm{OH}, mathrm{N}_2, mathrm{O}_2, mathrm{CO}_2$ and $mathrm{N}_2$. Us
Atoms, Elements and Compounds – Simple Molecules and Covalent Bonds
Describe the effect on the rate of reaction of: (a) changing the concentration of solutions (b) changing the pressure of gases (c) changing the surface area of solids (d) changing the temperature (e) adding or removing a catalyst, including enzymes
State and use the equation for $R_{mathrm{f}}$ : $R_{mathrm{f}}=frac{ ext { distance travelled by substance }}{ ext { distance travelled by solvent }}$
State that water from natural sources may contain substances, including: (a) dissolved oxygen (b) metal compounds (c) plastics (d) sewage (e) harmful microbes (f) nitrates from fertilisers (g) phosphates from fertilisers and detergents
Name and draw the displayed formulae of the unbranched esters which can be made from unbranched alcohols and carboxylic acids, each containing up to four carbon atoms
Describe the extraction of iron from hematite in the blast furnace, limited to: (a) the burning of carbon (coke) to provide heat and produce carbon dioxide (b) the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide (c) the reduction of iron(III) oxide by
Metals – Extraction of Iron from Hematite in the Blast Furnace
Describe the general solubility rules for salts: (a) sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble (b) nitrates are soluble (c) chlorides are soluble, except lead and silver (d) sulfates are soluble, except barium, calcium and lead (e) carbonates
Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of simple molecular compounds: (a) low melting points and boiling points in terms of weak intermolecular forces (specific types of intermolecular forces are not required) (b) poor electrical co
Atoms, Elements and Compounds – Simple Molecules and Covalent Bonds
Describe the environmental challenges caused by plastics, limited to: (a) disposal in land fill sites (b) accumulation in oceans (c) formation of toxic gases from burning
Compare the general physical properties of metals and non-metals, including: (a) thermal conductivity (b) electrical conductivity (c) malleability and ductility (d) melting points and boiling points
Describe the Group VII halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine, as diatomic non-metals with general trends down the group, limited to: (a) increasing density (b) decreasing reactivity
Describe the uses of alloys in terms of their physical properties, including stainless steel in cutlery because of its hardness and resistance to rusting
State the adverse effect of these air pollutants, limited to: (a) carbon dioxide: higher levels of carbon dioxide leading to increased global warming, which leads to climate change (b) carbon monoxide: toxic gas (c) particulates: increased risk of re
Chemistry of the Environment – Air Quality and Climate 🌍
Relate the structures and bonding of graphite and diamond to their uses, limited to: (a) graphite as a lubricant and as an electrode (b) diamond in cutting tools
Atoms, Elements and Compounds – Giant Covalent Structures
Name and draw the structural and displayed formulae of unbranched: (a) alkanes (b) alkenes, including but-1-ene and but-2-ene (c) alcohols, including propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol (d) carboxylic acids containing up to four carbo
Describe the reactions, if any, of: (a) potassium, sodium and calcium with cold water (b) magnesium with steam (c) magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, silver and gold with dilute hydrochloric acid and explain these reactions in terms of the position of th
Describe the Group I alkali metals, lithium, sodium and potassium, as relatively soft metals with general trends down the group, limited to: (a) decreasing melting point (b) increasing density (c) increasing reactivity
The Periodic Table – Group I Alkali Metals (Li, Na, K)
State that: (a) Group VIII noble gases have a full outer shell (b) the number of outer shell electrons is equal to the group number in Groups I to VII (c) the number of occupied electron shells is equal to the period number
Atoms, Elements and Compounds – Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Describe the uses of metals in terms of their physical properties, including: (a) aluminium in the manufacture of aircraft because of its low density (b) aluminium in the manufacture of overhead electrical cables because of its low density and good e
State that isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons and therefore the same electronic configuration
Describe the treatment of the domestic water supply in terms of: (a) sedimentation and filtration to remove solids (b) use of carbon to remove tastes and odours (c) chlorination to kill microbes
Describe the transfer of charge during electrolysis to include: (a) the movement of electrons in the external circuit (b) the loss or gain of electrons at the electrodes (c) the movement of ions in the electrolyte
Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including: (a) stopwatches (b) thermometers (c) balances (d) burettes (e) volumetric pipettes (f) measuring cylinders (g) gas syringes
Experimental techniques and chemical analysis – Experimental design
State that the mole, mol, is the unit of amount of substance and that one mole contains $6.02 imes 10^{23}$ particles, e.g. atoms, ions, molecules; this number is the Avogadro constant
Stoichiometry – The Mole and the Avogadro Constant
Explain in terms of structure how alloys can be harder and stronger than the pure metals because the different sized atoms in alloys mean the layers can no longer slide over each other
Describe the general characteristics of a homologous series as: (a) having the same functional group (b) having the same general formula (c) differing from one member to the next by a $-mathrm{CH}_2$ - unit (d) displaying a trend in physical properti
Describe relative atomic mass, $A_r$ as the average mass of the isotopes of an element compared to $1 / 12$ th of the mass of an atom of ${ }^{12} mathrm{C}$
Stoichiometry – Relative Masses of Atoms & Molecules
Describe and explain the effect on the rate of reaction of: (a) changing the concentration of solutions (b) changing the pressure of gases (c) changing the surface area of solids (d) changing the temperature (e) adding or removing a catalyst, includi
Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes with chlorine as a photochemical reaction, with ultraviolet light providing the activation energy, $E_{mathrm{a}}$, and draw the structural or displayed formulae of the products, limited to monosubstituti
Define the term water of crystallisation as the water molecules present in hydrated crystals, including $mathrm{CuSO}_4 cdot 5 mathrm{H}_2 mathrm{O}$ and $mathrm{CoCl}_2 cdot 6 mathrm{H}_2 mathrm{O}$
Identify in simple electrolytic cells: (a) the anode as the positive electrode (b) the cathode as the negative electrode (c) the electrolyte as the molten or aqueous substance that undergoes electrolysis
State the composition of clean, dry air as approximately $78 \%$ nitrogen, $mathrm{N}_2, 21 \%$ oxygen, $mathrm{O}_2$ and the remainder as a mixture of noble gases and carbon dioxide, $mathrm{CO}_2$
State that a structural formula is an unambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged, including $mathrm{CH}_2=mathrm{CH}_2$, $mathrm{CH}_3 mathrm{CH}_2 mathrm{OH}, mathrm{CH}_3 mathrm{COOCH}_3$
Describe the role of oxides of nitrogen in the formation of photochemical smog and their removal by catalytic converters, e.g. $2 mathrm{CO}+2 mathrm{NO}
ightarrow 2 mathrm{CO}_2+mathrm{N}_2$
Chemistry of the Environment – Air Quality & Climate
Identify the products formed at the electrodes and describe the observations made during the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate using inert carbon/graphite electrodes and when using copper electrodes
Explain, in terms of rate of reaction and position of equilibrium, why the typical conditions stated are used in the Haber process and in the Contact process, including safety considerations and economics
Chemical Reactions – Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
State the symbol equations for the extraction of iron from hematite (a) $mathrm{C}+mathrm{O}_2
ightarrow mathrm{CO}_2$ (b) $mathrm{C}+mathrm{CO}_2
ightarrow 2 mathrm{CO}$ (c) $mathrm{Fe}_2 mathrm{O}_3+3 mathrm{CO}
ightarrow 2 mathrm{Fe}+3 mathrm{C
Describe the extraction of aluminium from purified bauxite/aluminium oxide, including: (a) the role of cryolite (b) why the carbon anodes need to be regularly replaced (c) the reactions at the electrodes, including ionic half-equations
Describe the preparation, separation and purification of soluble salts by reaction of an acid with: (a) an alkali by titration (b) excess metal (c) excess insoluble base (d) excess insoluble carbonate
State that bond breaking is an endothermic process and bond making is an exothermic process and explain the enthalpy change of a reaction in terms of bond breaking and bond making
Chemical Energetics: Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
State the typical conditions for the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in the Contact process as $450^{circ} mathrm{C}, 200 mathrm{kPa} / 2 mathrm{~atm}$ and a vanadium(V) oxide catalyst
Chemical Reactions – Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium
Define structural isomers as compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae, including $mathrm{C}_4 mathrm{H}_{10}$ as $mathrm{CH}_3 mathrm{CH}_2 mathrm{CH}_2 mathrm{CH}_3$ and $mathrm{CH}_3 mathrm{CH}left(mathrm{CH}_3
i
Organic Chemistry: Formulae, Functional Groups & Terminology
Deduce the formula of an ionic compound from the relative numbers of the ions present in a model or a diagrammatic representation or from the charges on the ions
Identify redox reactions by changes in oxidation number using: (a) the oxidation number of elements in their uncombined state is zero (b) the oxidation number of a monatomic ion is the same as the charge on the ion (c) the sum of the oxidation number
Describe an alloy as a mixture of a metal with other elements, including: (a) brass as a mixture of copper and zinc (b) stainless steel as a mixture of iron and other elements such as chromium, nickel and carbon
State the appearance of the halogens at r.t.p. as: (a) chlorine, a pale yellow-green gas (b) bromine, a red-brown liquid (c) iodine, a grey-black solid
Describe how the properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column, limited to: (a) decreasing chain length (b) higher volatility (c) lower boiling points (d) lower viscosity
Organic Chemistry – Fuels: Fractionation of Petroleum
Describe tests to identify the anions: (a) carbonate, $mathrm{CO}_3{ }^{2-}$, by reaction with dilute acid and then testing for carbon dioxide gas (b) chloride, $mathrm{Cl}^{-}$, bromide, $mathrm{Br}^{-}$, and iodide, $mathrm{I}^{-}$, by acidifying w
Experimental Techniques & Chemical Analysis – Identification of Ions & Gases
Name and draw the displayed formulae of: (a) methane and ethane (b) ethene (c) ethanol (d) ethanoic acid (e) the products of the reactions stated in sections 11.4-11.7
Describe collision theory in terms of: (a) number of particles per unit volume (b) frequency of collisions between particles (c) kinetic energy of particles (d) activation energy, $E_{mathrm{a}}$
Describe photosynthesis as the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen in the presence of chlorophyll and using energy from light
State that some of these substances are beneficial, including: (a) dissolved oxygen for aquatic life (b) some metal compounds provide essential minerals for life
Describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol: (a) with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) (b) by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production
Describe a: (a) solvent as a substance that dissolves a solute (b) solute as a substance that is dissolved in a solvent (c) solution as a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent (d) saturated solution as a solution containing the maximu
Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis – Experimental Design
Draw and label reaction pathway diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions using information provided, to include: (a) reactants (b) products (c) enthalpy change of the reaction, $Delta H$ (d) activation energy, $E_{mathrm{a}}$
Chemical Energetics – Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
Describe how the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane cause global warming, limited to: (a) the absorption, reflection and emission of thermal energy (b) reducing thermal energy loss to space
Deduce the structure or repeat unit of a condensation polymer from given monomers and vice versa, limited to: (a) polyamides from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine (b) polyesters from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol
Describe the relative reactivities of metals in terms of their tendency to form positive ions, by displacement reactions, if any, with the aqueous ions of magnesium, zinc, iron, copper and silver
State that a reversible reaction in a closed system is at equilibrium when: (a) the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction (b) the concentrations of reactants and products are no longer changing
Chemical Reactions – Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium
Describe the properties of ionic compounds: (a) high melting points and boiling points (b) good electrical conductivity when aqueous or molten and poor when solid
Atoms, Elements and Compounds – Ions and Ionic Bonds
Describe the transition elements as metals that: (a) have high density (b) have high melting points (c) form coloured compounds (d) often act as catalysts as elements and in compounds
Describe the neutralisation reaction between an acid and an alkali to produce water, $mathrm{H}^{+}(mathrm{aq})+mathrm{OH}^{-}(mathrm{aq})
ightarrow mathrm{H}_2 mathrm{O}(l)$
Acids, Bases and Salts – The Characteristic Properties of Acids and Bases
Describe tests to identify the gases: (a) ammonia, $mathrm{NH}_3$, using damp red litmus paper (b) carbon dioxide, $mathrm{CO}_2$, using limewater (c) chlorine, $mathrm{Cl}_2$, using damp litmus paper (d) hydrogen, $mathrm{H}_2$, using a lighted spli
Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis – Identification of Gases
Classify oxides as acidic, including $mathrm{SO}_2$ and $mathrm{CO}_2$, or basic, including $mathrm{CuO}$ and $mathrm{CaO}$, related to metallic and non-metallic character
State the symbol equation for the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in the Contact process, $2 mathrm{SO}_2(mathrm{~g})+mathrm{O}_2(mathrm{~g})
ightleftharpoons 2 mathrm{SO}_3(mathrm{~g})$
Chemical Reactions – Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
State that the transfer of thermal energy during a reaction is called the enthalpy change, $Delta H$, of the reaction. $Delta H$ is negative for exothermic reactions and positive for endothermic reactions
Chemical Energetics – Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
Identify the products formed at the electrodes and describe the observations made during the electrolysis of: (a) molten lead(II) bromide (b) concentrated aqueous sodium chloride (c) dilute sulfuric acid using inert electrodes made of platinum or car