Business – 2.2 Motivation – Motivation theories | e-Consult
2.2 Motivation – Motivation theories (1 questions)
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Vroom's expectancy theory proposes that motivation is a function of three cognitions:
- Expectancy – the belief that effort will lead to performance. It is influenced by self‑efficacy, goal difficulty and resources.
- Instrumentality – the belief that performance will lead to a particular outcome or reward. It depends on clear performance‑reward linkages, trust in management and transparent policies.
- Valence – the value the individual places on the expected outcome. Valence varies with personal needs, goals and preferences.
The overall motivational force is calculated as:
Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Valence. If any component is low (or zero), the product – and thus motivation – will be low.