Geography – Urban areas and management | e-Consult

Models of urban spatial structure attempt to explain the pattern of land use and the distribution of different activities within a city. Several models have been proposed, each with strengths and weaknesses. These models are not mutually exclusive and often overlap in real-world cities.

Concentric Zone Model (Burgess): This model proposes that cities grow outwards in a series of concentric zones, with the central business district (CBD) at the core, surrounded by zones of transition, residential areas, and finally, commuter zones.

• Strengths: Simple and easy to understand. Historically accurate for many industrial cities.
• Weaknesses: Oversimplifies urban development. Doesn't account for suburban sprawl or the decline of the CBD. Doesn't apply well to cities with complex histories.

Example: Many older cities in Europe, such as London, exhibit a degree of concentric zone structure, although the zones are less distinct than Burgess predicted. The CBD remains a concentration of commercial activity, surrounded by residential areas that gradually become less densely populated.

Sector Model (Gerrymandre): This model suggests that urban growth is organized around a central business district, with different sectors radiating outwards – a commercial sector, an industrial sector, and a transport sector.

• Strengths: Accounts for the importance of different economic activities in shaping urban form.
• Weaknesses: Can be difficult to apply to cities with multiple competing economic sectors. Doesn't fully explain the spatial distribution of residential areas.

Example: Chicago is often cited as an example of a city that conforms to the sector model. The CBD is surrounded by commercial districts, industrial areas along rivers and railways, and residential areas radiating outwards from the city centre.

Multiple Kernel Model (Lee): This model proposes that cities consist of multiple, independent conurbation nuclei, each with its own distinct character and function.

• Strengths: More realistic representation of urban growth, particularly in large, complex cities. Accounts for the growth of suburbs and satellite cities.
• Weaknesses: Can be complex to apply and requires detailed data on urban development.

Example: The Greater London area is a good example of a multiple kernel city. London is the central nucleus, but there are also significant satellite cities like Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds, each with its own economic and social characteristics. These nuclei are connected by transport networks, but they also maintain distinct identities.

Evaluation: No single model perfectly explains the spatial structure of all cities. The best approach is to use a combination of models and to consider the specific historical, economic, and social context of each city. Modern urban growth is often characterized by decentralization and the rise of suburban sprawl, which are not fully captured by traditional models.