Geography – Tropical environments | e-Consult

Answer: Grassland ecosystems are characterized by a dominance of grasses and herbaceous plants, with few trees. They typically experience seasonal temperature variations and moderate rainfall. A key feature is the frequent fire regime, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the grassland structure and preventing tree encroachment.

Soil Properties and Distribution: Soil properties significantly influence grassland distribution. Well-drained, nutrient-poor soils are common in many grasslands, particularly temperate grasslands. These soils often have low organic matter content and are acidic. The type of soil dictates which grass species can thrive. For example, acidic soils favour certain species like fescue, while alkaline soils support others like bentgrass. Soil depth and drainage also influence plant growth. Shallow, poorly drained soils may limit the growth of deep-rooted grasses.

Plant Adaptations: Grassland plants have evolved numerous adaptations to survive in this environment. These include:

• Deep root systems: To access water and nutrients in the often-dry soil.
• Basal meristems: Allowing regrowth after grazing or fire.
• Small, narrow leaves: Reducing water loss through transpiration.
• Flexible stems: To withstand strong winds.
• Tolerance to grazing: Rapid regrowth after being grazed.

Examples of Grassland Types:

• Temperate Grasslands (e.g., Prairies, Steppes): Characterized by seasonal rainfall and frequent fires.
• Tropical Grasslands (e.g., Savannas): Experience distinct wet and dry seasons, with scattered trees.