Geography – Hazardous environments | e-Consult

The short-term impacts of earthquakes are often catastrophic. Ground shaking can cause widespread structural damage to buildings and infrastructure, leading to casualties and displacement. Landslides and liquefaction can further exacerbate the damage. Tsunamis, generated by underwater earthquakes, pose a significant threat to coastal communities. Volcanic eruptions also have immediate impacts. Pyroclastic flows, fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic debris, are extremely destructive. Ashfall can disrupt air travel, damage crops, and cause respiratory problems. Lava flows can destroy everything in their path, and gas emissions (e.g., sulfur dioxide) can cause acid rain and respiratory issues.

The long-term impacts of these hazards are equally significant. Earthquakes can lead to economic disruption due to the cost of rebuilding infrastructure and the loss of productivity. Volcanic eruptions can alter landscapes, creating new landforms and affecting soil fertility. Ashfall can have long-term effects on agriculture and ecosystems. Displacement of populations can lead to social and economic challenges. Volcanic gases can contribute to climate change. The psychological impact on survivors can be profound and long-lasting.

Examples: The 2010 Haiti earthquake resulted in widespread building collapse and a massive humanitarian crisis. The 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption caused significant ecological damage and economic disruption in the Pacific Northwest. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD provides a historical example of the devastating long-term impacts of volcanic eruptions, including the preservation of ancient settlements under ash.