Biology – Cells as the basic units of living organisms | e-Consult

Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells, meaning they have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. However, significant structural differences exist reflecting their distinct functions. Plant cells are characterized by the presence of a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells lack these features.

Cell Wall: A rigid cell wall provides structural support and protection to plant cells. It is composed primarily of cellulose. Animal cells do not have a cell wall, allowing for greater flexibility and movement.

Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose). This process is essential for plant survival. Animal cells do not perform photosynthesis and therefore lack chloroplasts.

Central Vacuole: A large central vacuole in plant cells stores water, nutrients, and waste products. It also helps maintain cell turgor pressure, which is crucial for rigidity. Animal cells may have smaller vacuoles, but they are not typically central or as large as in plant cells.

Other Organelles: Both cell types share many organelles, including the nucleus (containing DNA), mitochondria (for energy production), ribosomes (for protein synthesis), endoplasmic reticulum (for protein and lipid synthesis), Golgi apparatus (for protein processing and packaging), and lysosomes (for waste disposal). However, the relative abundance and specific functions of these organelles can differ between plant and animal cells.

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