History – 1. Core Content Option A – The 19th century: the development of modern nation states, 1848–1914 | e-Consult

Answer: This statement presents a debate about the relative importance of economic and political factors in Germany's unification. While political maneuvering and national sentiment played a crucial role, economic factors provided the necessary foundation and impetus for unification. It is arguable that economic factors were, in fact, *more* important, although they did not operate in isolation.

Economic Factors:

• Industrial Growth: Rapid industrial growth, particularly in Prussia, created a strong middle class (bourgeoisie) who desired political power commensurate with their economic influence. This class demanded a unified market and strong state support for industry.
• The Zollverein (Customs Union): The Zollverein, established in 1834, was a crucial step. It eliminated internal tariffs, creating a common market and fostering economic integration. This boosted industrial production and strengthened the Prussian economy.
• Resource Availability: Prussia possessed abundant coal and iron ore, essential for industrial development. This gave it a significant economic advantage over other German states.
• Investment and Infrastructure: The development of railways, funded by both state and private investment, facilitated trade and communication, further integrating the German economy.

Political Factors:

• Otto von Bismarck's Realpolitik: Bismarck, as Chancellor of Prussia, skillfully used diplomacy and military force (e.g., the wars of 1864, 1866, and 1870-71) to achieve unification. His 'Realpolitik' prioritized practical considerations over ideological ones.
• Nationalism: The rise of nationalism, fueled by Romantic ideals and shared cultural heritage, created a desire for a unified German nation-state. This sentiment was exploited by Bismarck.
• Prussian Military Strength: Prussia's strong military, built through reforms like universal conscription, was instrumental in defeating its rivals and asserting Prussian dominance.

Conclusion: While nationalism and Bismarck's political skill were vital, the economic foundation laid by industrial growth and the Zollverein provided the essential conditions for unification. Without a unified market and a strong industrial base, political unification would have been far more difficult. Therefore, economic factors were arguably more important, although they worked in conjunction with political factors to achieve the final outcome.