Physics – 4.2.1 Electric charge | e-Consult

Simple Electron Model: The simple electron model depicts an atom as a central nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. Orbiting the nucleus are negatively charged electrons that occupy specific energy levels or shells. These electrons are not simply orbiting in fixed paths but exist in regions of probability called orbitals.

Conductors vs. Insulators:

In conductors, the outermost electrons (valence electrons) are loosely held and can easily move between atoms. These electrons are free to flow throughout the material when a voltage is applied, resulting in a strong electrical current. The structure of conductors allows for a large number of free electrons.

In insulators, the outermost electrons are tightly bound to the atoms and are not free to move. The electrons are strongly held within the atomic structure, preventing the flow of electric current. Insulators have very few free electrons.

Examples:

• Conductors: Copper, Aluminium
• Insulators: Rubber, Glass