Biology – 7.1 Human nutrition – diet | e-Consult
7.1 Human nutrition – diet (1 questions)
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Malnutrition significantly increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), a condition where the arteries supplying blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked. Several mechanisms link malnutrition to CHD, primarily through the disruption of metabolic processes and the promotion of atherosclerosis (the build-up of plaque in the arteries).
Mechanisms:
- Lipid Metabolism: Nutritional deficiencies can impair lipid metabolism, leading to elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol) and triglycerides in the blood. High LDL cholesterol contributes to plaque formation.
- Inflammation: Malnutrition can trigger chronic inflammation throughout the body. Inflammation plays a key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
- Endothelial Dysfunction: Impaired endothelial function (the inner lining of blood vessels) is a hallmark of CHD. Nutritional deficiencies can damage the endothelium, making it more susceptible to plaque formation.
- Oxidative Stress: Malnutrition can increase oxidative stress, which damages cells and contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.
Nutrient Deficiencies and their Impact:
- Vitamin D Deficiency: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of hypertension (high blood pressure), a major risk factor for CHD. Vitamin D also plays a role in regulating inflammation.
- Folate Deficiency: Folate deficiency leads to elevated levels of homocysteine, an amino acid linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
- Potassium Deficiency: Potassium helps regulate blood pressure. Low potassium levels can increase blood pressure and the risk of heart problems.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency: Omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish oil) have anti-inflammatory properties and can help lower triglycerides. A deficiency increases the risk of CHD.
- Fiber Deficiency: Low fiber intake contributes to high cholesterol levels and increases the risk of CHD. Fiber helps bind cholesterol in the digestive system, preventing its absorption.
In summary, malnutrition disrupts metabolic pathways, promotes inflammation, damages blood vessel linings, and elevates risk factors for CHD. Addressing nutritional deficiencies through a balanced diet is crucial for preventing and managing this condition.