recognise and draw red blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes from microscope slides, photomicrographs and electron micrographs

Published by Patrick Mutisya · 14 days ago

Cambridge A-Level Biology 9700 – The Circulatory System

The Circulatory System

Learning Objective

Recognise and accurately draw the following blood cells from microscope slides, photomicrographs and electron micrographs:

  • Red blood cells (RBCs)
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes

Key Cell Types

CellSize (µm)NucleusGranulesTypical Appearance (LM)Typical Appearance (EM)
Red blood cell (Erythrocyte)6–8AbsentNoneBiconcave disc, pale centre, no nucleusThin peripheral membrane, central pallor, no internal organelles
Monocyte12–20Large, kidney‑shapedAbsent (non‑granular)Large cell, indented nucleus, abundant cytoplasmIrregular nucleus, vacuolated cytoplasm, occasional lysosomes
Neutrophil10–12Multi‑lobed (2–5 lobes)Fine, neutral‑staining granulesMulti‑lobed nucleus, pink granular cytoplasmNumerous azurophilic granules, segmented nucleus
Lymphocyte7–10Large, roundAbsent (non‑granular)Large dark nucleus, thin rim of cytoplasmDense nucleus, scant cytoplasm, occasional small ribosomes

Microscopy Techniques

  1. Light microscopy (LM) – bright‑field, oil‑immersion (1000×) for routine slide examination.
  2. Photomicrography – digital capture of LM images; useful for colour and size reference.
  3. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) – high‑resolution view of ultrastructure; reveals granules, membrane detail.

Identifying the Cells

Use the following checklist when examining a slide or image:

  • Check overall size with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer.
  • Determine presence or absence of a nucleus.
  • If a nucleus is present, note its shape (round, lobed, indented).
  • Look for granules: colour (neutral, eosinophilic, basophilic) and distribution.
  • Assess cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio (high in lymphocytes, low in neutrophils).

Suggested Diagrams

Suggested diagram: Light‑microscope view of a peripheral blood smear showing RBCs, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.

Suggested diagram: Electron‑microscope cross‑section of a neutrophil highlighting azurophilic granules.

Drawing Tips for Examination

When asked to draw a cell, follow these steps:

  1. Outline the overall shape (disc, round, lobed).
  2. Place the nucleus correctly – centre for lymphocytes, lobed for neutrophils, indented for monocytes.
  3. Add granules only where appropriate (neutrophils).
  4. Indicate relative size using a scale bar or by comparing to an adjacent RBC.
  5. Label each part clearly (e.g., “biconcave disc”, “multi‑lobed nucleus”).

Summary

Mastery of cell identification relies on recognising size, nuclear morphology and granule pattern across three levels of observation – light microscopy, photomicrography and electron microscopy. Practising with the comparison table and the drawing checklist will build confidence for A‑Level examinations.