Know and understand characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of the research methods of observation, interviews, questionnaires and examination of existing documents

Published by Patrick Mutisya · 14 days ago

ICT 0417 – The Systems Life Cycle: Research Methods

The Systems Life Cycle – Research Methods

Objective: Know and understand the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of the research methods of observation, interviews, questionnaires and examination of existing documents.

1. Observation

Observation involves watching users or processes in their natural environment to gather information.

AspectDetails
CharacteristicsDirect, non‑intrusive, can be structured or unstructured, real‑time data collection.
Typical UsesUnderstanding user behaviour, workflow analysis, ergonomics studies.
AdvantagesProvides authentic data; captures non‑verbal cues; useful for uncovering hidden problems.
DisadvantagesTime‑consuming; observer bias; may influence behaviour (Hawthorne effect); limited to observable actions.

2. Interviews

Interviews are a verbal questioning technique where the researcher asks participants questions to obtain detailed information.

AspectDetails
CharacteristicsCan be structured, semi‑structured or unstructured; face‑to‑face, telephone or video; allows probing.
Typical UsesGathering user requirements, exploring attitudes, clarifying questionnaire responses.
AdvantagesRich, in‑depth data; flexibility to follow up; builds rapport; can clarify ambiguous answers.
DisadvantagesExpensive and time‑intensive; interviewer bias; transcription required; limited sample size.

3. Questionnaires

Questionnaires are written sets of questions distributed to a large number of respondents.

AspectDetails
CharacteristicsStandardised, can be paper‑based or electronic; closed‑ended, open‑ended or mixed.
Typical UsesCollecting statistical data, user satisfaction surveys, market research.
AdvantagesCost‑effective for large samples; quick data collection; easy to analyse quantitative data.
DisadvantagesLow response rates; limited depth; misinterpretation of questions; no opportunity for probing.

4. Examination of Existing Documents

This method involves analysing already available records such as reports, manuals, system logs, and policy documents.

AspectDetails
CharacteristicsSecondary data source; non‑intrusive; can be historical or current.
Typical UsesUnderstanding existing processes, legal requirements, system specifications, user manuals.
AdvantagesReadily available; inexpensive; provides context and background; no need to contact users.
DisadvantagesMay be outdated or incomplete; bias of original author; limited to what has been documented.

Choosing the Appropriate Method

  1. Define the information needed – depth vs. breadth.

  2. Consider resources – time, budget, personnel.

  3. Assess the target audience – accessibility, willingness to participate.

  4. Combine methods where necessary to offset weaknesses (e.g., observation + interview).

Suggested diagram: Flowchart showing the selection process for research methods within the systems life cycle.