ICT 0417 – Networks: Anti‑malware and Anti‑virus Software
4. Networks and the Effects of Using Them
Objective: Know and understand the use of anti‑malware and anti‑virus software
In a networked environment computers share data, resources and internet access. This connectivity brings many benefits but also increases exposure to malicious software (malware). Anti‑malware and anti‑virus programmes are essential tools for protecting devices and the wider network.
1. What is Malware?
Malware – any software designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to a computer system.
Common types:
Virus – attaches to legitimate files and spreads when the host file is executed.
Worm – self‑replicates across a network without user interaction.
Trojan horse – appears legitimate but contains hidden malicious code.
Spyware – gathers information about the user without consent.
Adware – displays unwanted advertisements, often bundled with other software.
Ransomware – encrypts data and demands payment for the decryption key.
2. Anti‑malware vs Anti‑virus
Historically, “anti‑virus” referred to software that targeted viruses only. Modern security suites are called “anti‑malware” because they protect against a broader range of threats.
Feature
Anti‑virus
Anti‑malware
Primary focus
Viruses and simple worms
All forms of malicious software (viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, spyware, adware)
Real‑time protection, web filtering, email scanning, firewall integration, sandboxing
Update frequency
Daily or weekly
Multiple times per day (often automatic)
3. How Anti‑malware Software Works
Signature detection – compares files against a database of known malicious code signatures.
Heuristic analysis – examines code behaviour for suspicious patterns that may indicate new or modified malware.
Behavioural monitoring – watches programs in real time; if a program attempts actions typical of malware (e.g., modifying system files), it is blocked or quarantined.
Cloud‑based scanning – sends file hashes to a remote server for rapid verification against a constantly updated threat database.
Quarantine and removal – isolates infected files and either cleans them (removing malicious code) or deletes them.
4. Benefits of Using Anti‑malware in a Network
Prevents data loss and system downtime.
Reduces the risk of spreading infections to other devices on the same network.
Protects sensitive personal and organisational information from theft.
Helps maintain compliance with data protection regulations.
Improves overall network performance by preventing resource‑draining attacks.
5. Best Practices for Effective Protection
Install reputable anti‑malware software on every device that connects to the network.
Enable real‑time scanning and automatic updates.
Schedule regular full system scans (at least weekly).
Use strong, unique passwords and enable multi‑factor authentication where possible.
Educate users about phishing emails and unsafe downloads.
Keep operating systems and all applications up to date with security patches.
Implement network‑level security such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
Back up critical data regularly and verify the integrity of backups.
6. Example of a Simple Anti‑malware Workflow
The diagram below illustrates the typical steps taken when a file is accessed on a networked computer.
Anti‑malware and anti‑virus software are vital components of network security. By detecting and neutralising a wide range of malicious threats, they protect data integrity, maintain system performance, and safeguard users from the harmful effects of malware. Consistent use, regular updates, and good user practices together form a robust defence for any IGCSE‑level network environment.