Know and understand how data is stored, managed and shared using cloud computing

Networks and the Effects of Using Them

Objective

Know and understand how data is stored, managed and shared using cloud computing.

1. What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services – such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics and intelligence – over the Internet (“the cloud”). These services are provided on a pay‑as‑you‑go basis, allowing users to access resources without owning the physical hardware.

2. Types of Cloud Services

Service Model	What It Provides	Typical Users
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)	Virtualised hardware – servers, storage, networks.	Businesses that want control over operating systems and applications.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)	Development platforms, databases, middleware.	Developers building, testing and deploying applications.
Software as a Service (SaaS)	Fully functional applications delivered via a web browser.	End‑users needing ready‑to‑use software (e.g., email, office suites).

3. How Data Is Stored in the Cloud

• Data is saved on remote servers located in data centres.
• Redundancy: copies are stored on multiple physical devices to prevent loss.
• Scalability: storage capacity can be increased instantly as demand grows.
• Virtualisation abstracts the physical hardware, presenting logical storage to users.

4. Managing Data in the Cloud

1. Provisioning: Allocate storage or compute resources through a web console or API.
2. Backup & Recovery: Automated snapshots and versioning protect against accidental deletion.
3. Access Controls: Role‑based permissions and authentication (e.g., multi‑factor authentication).
4. Monitoring: Usage dashboards and alerts help optimise performance and cost.

5. Sharing and Collaboration

Cloud services enable real‑time collaboration because data resides in a central location that multiple users can access simultaneously.

• File‑sharing platforms (e.g., Google Drive, OneDrive) allow simultaneous editing.
• Collaboration tools (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Slack) integrate chat, video and document sharing.
• Permissions can be set at file, folder or organisational level.

6. Effects of Using Networks for Cloud Services

Positive Effects

• Accessibility: Users can reach data from any device with Internet access.
• Cost Efficiency: Reduces need for on‑site hardware and maintenance.
• Scalability: Resources can be expanded or reduced quickly.
• Collaboration: Supports teamwork across different locations.

Negative Effects

• Dependence on Internet: Service is unavailable if the connection fails.
• Latency: Large files or real‑time applications may suffer delays.
• Security Risks: Data is transmitted over networks and stored off‑site.
• Compliance Issues: Data may be stored in jurisdictions with different laws.

7. Security Considerations

When data moves across networks and resides in the cloud, the following security measures are essential:

• Encryption in transit (TLS/SSL) and at rest (AES‑256).
• Strong authentication methods – passwords, biometrics, MFA.
• Regular security audits and vulnerability scanning.
• Backup strategies that include offline copies.

8. Legal and Ethical Issues

1. Data protection legislation (e.g., GDPR) dictates how personal data must be handled.
2. Intellectual property rights must be respected when storing or sharing content.
3. Users should be aware of the provider’s terms of service and data ownership clauses.

9. Choosing a Cloud Provider – Key Criteria

Criterion	Why It Matters	Typical Evaluation Question
Reliability (Uptime)	Ensures continuous access to data.	What is the provider’s SLA for uptime?
Security Features	Protects data from unauthorised access.	Does the service offer encryption and MFA?
Compliance Support	Helps meet legal requirements.	Is the provider certified for GDPR, ISO 27001, etc.?
Cost Structure	Prevents unexpected expenses.	Are charges based on usage, storage, or flat fees?
Scalability	Allows growth without major re‑configuration.	Can resources be increased automatically?

10. Summary

Cloud computing leverages network connectivity to store, manage and share data efficiently. Understanding the service models, benefits, risks and security measures equips students to make informed decisions about using cloud services in personal, educational and business contexts.