Lesson Plan

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Lesson Plan
Grade: Date: 25/02/2026
Subject: Chemistry
Lesson Topic: Describe the formation of covalent bonds in simple molecules, including $mathrm{H}_2, mathrm{Cl}_2, mathrm{H}_2 mathrm{O}, mathrm{CH}_4, mathrm{NH}_3, mathrm{HCl}, mathrm{CH}_3 mathrm{OH}, mathrm{N}_2, mathrm{O}_2, mathrm{CO}_2$ and $mathrm{N}_2$. Us
Learning Objective/s:
  • Describe how covalent bonds form by sharing valence electrons in simple molecules.
  • Identify single, double, and triple bonds in the given set of molecules.
  • Construct dot‑and‑cross diagrams to represent electron sharing and lone pairs.
  • Explain the relationship between bond type and the number of shared electron pairs.
  • Apply the concept to predict bonding patterns in unfamiliar non‑metal molecules.
Materials Needed:
  • Projector or interactive whiteboard
  • Printed worksheets with dot‑and‑cross diagram exercises
  • Molecular model kits (optional)
  • Markers and chart paper for board diagrams
  • Chemistry textbook or reference sheets
 Introduction:
Begin with a quick visual of two hands shaking to illustrate sharing, then ask students how atoms achieve stability. Recall that atoms seek noble‑gas electron configurations, which they can obtain by sharing electrons. Today they will learn to represent these shared electrons using dot‑and‑cross diagrams and classify bond types. Success will be measured by correctly drawing diagrams for a set of molecules.
Lesson Structure:
  1. Do‑now (5'): Students complete a short quiz on electron configurations displayed on the board.
  2. Mini‑lecture (10'): Explain covalent bonding, single/double/triple bonds with examples using the projector.
  3. Guided practice (15'): Teacher models drawing dot‑and‑cross diagrams for H₂ and Cl₂; students follow in notebooks.
  4. Collaborative activity (15'): In pairs, students construct diagrams for H₂O, CH₄, NH₃, HCl using worksheets; teacher circulates.
  5. Whole‑class discussion (10'): Review each diagram, correct misconceptions, highlight lone pairs and bond types.
  6. Formative check (5'): Exit ticket – students write the bond type for CO₂ and draw its diagram.
Conclusion:
Summarise that covalent bonds result from sharing electrons to fulfil octet rules and can be visualised with dot‑and‑cross diagrams. For the exit ticket, students submit one diagram and the corresponding bond classification. Assign homework to complete a worksheet drawing diagrams for O₂ and N₂, reinforcing today’s concepts and preparing them for the upcoming assessment.