Lesson Plan

• Describe the four‑stage process by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.
• Explain how variation, differential survival, inheritance, and population change drive natural selection.
• Identify at least three genetic mechanisms that confer resistance in bacteria.
• Evaluate the impact of antibiotic misuse on the evolution of resistant strains.
• Apply the concept of selection coefficient to predict changes in allele frequency.

• Projector and screen
• Whiteboard and markers
• Handout summarising resistance mechanisms and Hardy–Weinberg equation
• Printed flowchart diagram of mutation → spread
• Interactive clicker/quiz platform for checks
• Sample images of bacterial colonies (optional)

Begin with a quick poll: “What everyday examples show organisms changing over time?” Connect responses to prior lessons on variation and survival. State that today’s success criteria are to trace how bacteria become resistant and to link that process to natural selection.

1. Do‑now (5’) – Students list examples of natural vs. artificial selection on the board.
2. Mini‑lecture (10’) – Present key concepts and the four‑stage resistance process using slides.
3. Case‑study analysis (15’) – In small groups, examine a patient scenario and identify mutation, selective pressure, survival, and propagation steps.
4. Resistance‑mechanism stations (10’) – Rotate through stations with cards on enzymatic degradation, target alteration, efflux pumps, and reduced permeability; record genetic basis.
5. Whole‑class discussion & quick calculation (10’) – Relate mechanisms to selection coefficients; solve a Hardy–Weinberg example.
6. Exit ticket (5’) – Write one practical strategy to curb antibiotic resistance and submit via clicker.

Summarise how random genetic variation combined with antibiotic pressure drives population shifts toward resistance. Collect exit tickets to gauge understanding and assign a short homework: research a recent antibiotic‑resistance breakthrough and write a one‑paragraph summary.