Lesson Plan

• Describe the difference between relative, absolute, and mixed cell references.
• Explain why absolute references are required for constant values such as tax rates.
• Apply relative and absolute references to copy formulas correctly across rows and columns.
• Demonstrate the use of the fill handle to replicate formulas while preserving absolute references.
• Identify and correct common errors when using cell references in spreadsheets.

• Computer lab with Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets.
• Projector and screen for teacher demonstration.
• Printed worksheet containing the sample product table.
• Quick‑reference cheat‑sheet of reference types.
• Whiteboard and markers.

Begin with a quick question: “What happens to a formula when you copy it to another cell?” Students share ideas, then the teacher outlines today’s success criteria – students will correctly use relative and absolute references to copy formulas and avoid common mistakes.

1. Do‑now (5'): Students open a blank spreadsheet and list three products with quantity and unit price – no formulas yet.
2. Mini‑lecture & demo (10'): Explain relative, absolute, and mixed references; demonstrate on the projector, showing the fill handle in action.
3. Guided practice (15'): Students enter =B2*C2 in D2, copy down; add VAT rate in E1 and use =D2*$E$1 in F2, copy down. Teacher circulates to support.
4. Collaborative check (10'): In pairs, students verify that the VAT column always references E1, discuss any errors and correct them.
5. Extension activity (10'): Introduce a mixed reference scenario (e.g., commission rate fixed in a header) and have students apply it.
6. Recap & Q&A (5'): Review key points, answer lingering questions.

Summarise how relative references adjust and absolute references stay fixed when formulas are copied. For the exit ticket, each student writes one example where an absolute reference is essential. Homework: create a sales spreadsheet for five items, including total price, tax (using an absolute reference), and grand total.