| Lesson Plan |
| Grade: |
Date: 25/02/2026 |
| Subject: Biology |
| Lesson Topic: outline respiration in anaerobic conditions in mammals (lactate fermentation) and in yeast cells (ethanol fermentation) |
Learning Objective/s:
- Describe the biochemical steps of lactate fermentation in mammalian muscle cells.
- Explain the enzymatic pathway of ethanol fermentation in yeast and its industrial relevance.
- Compare the energy yield and NAD⁺ regeneration of both anaerobic pathways.
- Analyze the physiological significance of lactate accumulation and the Cori cycle.
- Apply knowledge to predict cellular outcomes when oxygen supply is limited.
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Materials Needed:
- Projector and screen
- PowerPoint slides with pathway diagrams
- Handout containing lactate and ethanol fermentation flowcharts
- Whiteboard and markers
- Clicker/online quiz tool
- Sample yeast culture and small dough demo (optional)
- Worksheet for comparison table
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Introduction:
Start with a short video of sprinters and a baker to highlight rapid energy demands without oxygen. Review that glycolysis produces ATP and NADH and that cells must regenerate NAD⁺ to keep glycolysis running. Today students will identify how mammals and yeast achieve this through lactate and ethanol fermentation, and they will be able to diagram each pathway and explain its significance.
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Lesson Structure:
- Do‑now (5'): Quick quiz on glycolysis and NAD⁺ regeneration.
- Mini‑lecture (10'): Overview of why cells switch to anaerobic fermentation and detailed steps of lactate fermentation, using a diagram.
- Guided practice (10'): Pairs complete a flowchart of the lactate pathway on the handout.
- Demonstration (5'): Show yeast fermentation (bread dough rising) and discuss the ethanol pathway.
- Comparative activity (10'): Groups fill a comparison table (energy yield, enzymes, end‑products) on the worksheet.
- Check for understanding (5'): Clicker questions summarising key differences.
- Exit ticket (5'): Write one sentence describing why fermentation is essential during intense exercise.
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Conclusion:
We revisited how both mammals and yeast use fermentation to sustain glycolysis when oxygen is scarce, emphasizing the limited ATP yield and NAD⁺ regeneration. Students demonstrated understanding through the comparison worksheet and exit ticket. For homework, they will research a real‑world application of ethanol fermentation and prepare a short paragraph.
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