Lesson Plan

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Lesson Plan
Grade: Date: 17/01/2026
Subject: Geography
Lesson Topic: Prediction techniques and their reliability, precursor events (warning signs) and warning times
Learning Objective/s:
  • Describe the main techniques used to predict earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
  • Evaluate the reliability and typical warning times of each prediction method.
  • Identify key precursor signs for earthquakes and volcanoes and compare their warning windows.
  • Explain how prediction information informs risk‑management decisions.
Materials Needed:
  • Projector or interactive whiteboard
  • PowerPoint/Google Slides presentation with tables and diagrams
  • Handout summarising prediction techniques and precursors
  • Sample seismic and gas‑emission data sets (printed or digital)
  • Worksheets for comparing warning times
  • Internet access for live monitoring examples (e.g., USGS, volcano observatory)
 Introduction:
Begin with a striking image of a recent earthquake and volcanic eruption, asking students what warning signs they think could have been observed. Recall previous lessons on hazard impacts and the role of monitoring networks. Explain that today they will explore how scientists predict these events, evaluate the reliability of different techniques, and consider the implications for emergency planning.
Lesson Structure:
  1. Do‑Now (5’) – Think‑pair‑share: list any natural warning signs they have heard of.
  2. Mini‑lecture (15’) – Overview of earthquake and volcanic prediction techniques, using slides and the tables from the source.
  3. Data analysis activity (20’) – In groups, examine provided seismic, GPS, and gas‑emission data to identify likely precursors and estimate warning times; complete worksheet.
  4. Comparison discussion (10’) – Groups present findings; class creates a comparison chart of reliability and warning windows.
  5. Case‑study simulation (15’) – Role‑play an early‑warning decision using a flowchart; decide whether to issue an alert.
  6. Formative check (5’) – Exit ticket: one sentence summarising the most reliable precursor for each hazard.
Conclusion:
Summarise that while some techniques offer reliable short‑term warnings, many predictions remain probabilistic and uncertain. Ask students to write an exit ticket stating which precursor they consider most actionable for emergency managers. Assign homework to research a recent real‑world early‑warning event and prepare a brief summary.