Lesson Plan

• Describe particle behaviour during condensation.
• Explain how kinetic and attractive energies change during solidification.
• Compare particle arrangements in gas, liquid, and solid phases.
• Interpret a phase‑change diagram to predict state changes.
• Apply the concepts to everyday examples such as dew formation and ice formation.

• Projector and screen for slides/diagram
• Whiteboard and markers
• Printed handouts of the particle‑arrangement table
• Interactive simulation (e.g., PhET) of phase changes
• Worksheet with short questions
• Thermometer for a simple demo (optional)

Begin with a quick visual of dew on a window and ice forming on a pond to hook interest. Ask students what they already know about why water changes state in these situations. Explain that today they will explore how particle energy and forces drive condensation and solidification, and outline the success criteria.

1. Do‑now (5') – Students list everyday examples of condensation and freezing; share responses.
2. Mini‑lecture (10') – Present particle kinetic energy vs. attractive forces using the suggested diagram.
3. Guided analysis (10') – Examine the phase‑change table; students complete missing energy relations.
4. Interactive simulation (10') – Students adjust temperature in a PhET model to observe condensation and solidification, recording observations.
5. Group worksheet (10') – Apply concepts to explain fixed volume/shape and answer short questions.
6. Check for understanding (5') – Quick exit‑ticket quiz with two conceptual questions.

Summarise how decreasing kinetic energy allows attractive forces to dominate, producing liquid then solid structures. Collect exit‑ticket responses to gauge understanding and assign a short homework task: students find a real‑world example of each phase change and describe the particle behaviour.